The correct style to use for citing
references in the Reference List section is discussed in detail in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth
Edition, 2001, or later (APA style). Be careful to follow the punctuation, indentation, and format
shown below.
q The Reference List must be double-spaced.
q Note: If using the
actual APA
Publication Manual, all example references are single-spaced
to save space in the Publication Manual.
q The Reference List should be alphabetized according to
the first letter of each entry.
q Entries should be formatted using a hanging
indent. Entries should begin flush left
and the second and all subsequent lines should be indented.
q Italics are preferred over the use of underlining.
q
The abbreviation for
Page(s), p. or pp., is not used except in references to newspapers.
q Electronic source references must provide the date the information was retrieved, and also the name and/or address of the source.
BOOKS
Format: The author’s last name is listed first. The author’s name is followed by the date of
publication, in parentheses, ending with a period. Next include the book title which is in italics. Capitalize only the first word of the title
(and the first word of the subtitle, if any) and any proper names. Close with a
final period. End with publication information. Identify the city and, if the city is not well known or could be
confused with another city, include the state where the publisher is
located. Place a colon (:) after the
city name. Then identify the name of
the publisher, clearly and briefly.
Spell out the names of associations and university presses, but omit
superfluous terms such as “Publishers,” “Co.,” or “Inc.” If two or more
locations are given, give the location listed first or the publisher’s home
office. Close with a period.
Book - One author:
Arnheim, R. (2001). Art and visual perception. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Book - Multiple authors:
When a work has between two and six authors, cite
all authors. When a work has more than
six authors cite the first six authors followed by “et al.” to indicate the
remaining authors.
Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S. (2003). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
West, S., Sandler, I., Tein, J., Ivy, P., Patterson,
H., Roeder, K., et al. (2001). Nerve cells and insect behavior.
Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Book- Corporate author:
Institute of Financial Education. (2001). Managing personal funds. Chicago:
Midwestern Publishing.
Book - Edited volume:
Maher, B. A. (Ed.). (2003). Progress in experimental personality
research. New York: Academic Press.
Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C.R. (Eds.). (2001). Bilingual education: Teaching English as a second
language.
New York: Praeger.
Book - Work in an anthology:
Rubenstein, J. P.
(2003). The effect of television
violence on small children. In B.F.
Kane (Ed.), Television and
Juvenile Psychological
Development (pp. 112-134).
New York: American Psychological Society.
JOURNALS-MAGAZINES-NEWSPAPERS
Articles in journals or magazines
with continuous pagination:
Passons,
W. (2001). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school
grades for first semester GPA and
freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 1143-1144.
Posner, M.I. (2000, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262,
673-674.
Articles in journals or magazines
with non-continuous pagination:
Because
pagination begins anew with each issue of the journal, it is necessary to
include the issue number in italics
followed by the volume number in parentheses, if applicable. Note that
there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between
the italicized volume number and the issue number.
Sawyer, J. (2003). Measurement and prediction,
clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66(3), 178-200.
Mellers, B. A. (2005). Choice and consequences. Psychological
Bulletin, 126, 1040-1049.
Daily Newspaper article:
Schwartz, J. (2005, September 17). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. A1, A4, A9-11.
Daily Newspaper article (no author):
President Clinton puts 'human
face' on health-care plan. (2002, September 6). The New York Times, p. B14.
Articles in weekly periodicals:
Kauffmann, S. (2005, October 18). On films: Class consciousness. The New
Republic, p. 30.
Articles in monthly periodicals:
Chandler-Crisp,
S. (2003, May). Aerobic writing: A writing practice model. Writing Lab Newspaper, pp. 9-11.
OTHER SOURCES
Encyclopedia:
Photosynthesis and plants. (2004). Encyclopedia
Americana (Vol. 22, p. 453).
New York: Americana
Corporation.
Entry in an Encyclopedia:
Wagner, D.H. (2002). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica.
Encyclopedia article, CD-ROM:
Basic form
Author/editor (if given). (Date). Title of material
accessed. In Source. Retrieved Publication medium, edition
or
version (if relevant). Location: Name of Producer.
Example with author
Daniel, R. T. (2003). The history of
Western music. In Britannica Online: Macropaedia. Retrieved CD-ROM.
Carlsbad,
CA: Compton’s NewMedia, Inc.
Example without author
Genetic engineering. (2001). In Compton’s Interactive encyclopedia , Version
2.0. Retrieved CD-ROM.
Carlsbad, CA: Compton’s NewMedia, Inc.
Films or videotapes:
Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (2003).
Levels
of consciousness [Videotape].
(Available from the American Psychological
Association, 750 Second Street, Boston, MA 73002-4224).
Interviews – Published:
Archer, N.
(2004). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception]. Journal of Sensory Studies,
21, pp.
211-216.
Interviews- Unpublished:
Unpublished interviews do not need a reference page
entry because they are what the Publication Manual of the APA calls “personal
communications” and so “do not provide recoverable data.”
Davis, N.
(2003, October 11). Personal
interview.
Recording:
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York: PolyGram
Music.
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Electronic formats can be found at: http://www.apa.org/science/pubs.html
World Wide Web, Home page/Secondary
page:
Basic form
Author/editor (if known). (Revision or copyright date, if available). Title of page. Publication, Page number(s).
Retrieved Date, from
Protocol: Site/Path/File
Example
Goizueta, R. C.
Annual report to share owners.
Coca-Cola Newsletter, 1- 23.
Retrieved October 13, 2005,
from
http://www.cocacola.com/co/chairman.html
Periodical – Electronic:
Basic form
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved
month
day, year, from source.
Journal Article, Electronic:
Basic form
Author. (Date). Title. Journal Title, volume, paging. Retrieved Date, from URL
Example
Koehn, D.
(2001). The ethics of
handwriting analysis in pre-employment screening. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 9, 2001, from PsycARTICLES
database.
Magazine article, Electronic:
Basic form
Author. (Date). Title. Magazine Title, volume
(if given), paging. Retrieved Date,
from URL Protocol:
Site/Path/File
Example
Rosner, H.
(2003, March 4). Will e-mail
become j-mail? Brandweek 37, 30.
Retrieved from ABI/INFORM.
telnet://melvyl.ucop.edu
Daily Newspaper article – Electronic:
Basic form
Author. (Date). Title. Newspaper Title . Retrieved Date, from URL Protocol:
Site/Path/File
Example
Markoff, J.
(2005, June 5). Voluntary rules
proposed to help insure privacy for Internet users. New York Times.
Retrieved
November 21, 2006 from http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/y05dat.html
Newsgroup article, Electronic:
Basic form
If the author’s name is available list it last name
first. If only a screen name is available, use the screen name. Provide the
exact date of posting. Follow the date
with the subject line of the message.
Do not italicize it. Provide any identifier for the message in brackets
after the title. Finish the reference
with Message
posted to followed by the address of the newsgroup. Note that the protocol is news.
Author (if given).
(Date). Subject line of
message. Message posted to news://
Protocol:Topic.Subtopic(s)
Example
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 11). Seeing with sound
[Msg 1]. Message posted to
news://sci.psychology.consciousness
Personal communication - Electronic:
Basic form
Communicator (personal communication, Date)
Example
Omar, B. W. (personal communication, June 5, 2005)
These materials will introduce you to APA
documentation, step-by-step instructions, Format, Citations, and Reference
Lists. However, it is suggested you
reference the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth
Edition, 2001, or later, whenever possible.
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html
http://www.apa.org/science/pubs.html
http://www.citationmachine.net
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/CWS/wWORKSHOP/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm#internet